What Are Alloying Elements?
Cast iron's properties are changed by adding various alloying elements, or alloyants. Next to carbon, silicon is the most important alloyant because it forces carbon out of solution.


Casting Defect Definitions
Smooth, very round, bowl shaped. Bottom can be seen with the eye. Size and depth are easy to determine. Usually a singular defect.
Compatibility Chart of Materials Versus Processes
Compatibility Chart of Materials Versus Processes


The Definition of the Punching Forces
The punch force required to punch a piece of sheet metal can be estimated from the following equation.
Steel Die Forging Tolerances On Dimensions
Gesenkschmiedeteile aus Stahl – Maßtoleranzen – Teil 2: Warm hergestellt in Waagerecht-Stauchmaschinen.
